your spine
Anatomy of the spine
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The spine is a central structure in our body that serves as a support and locomotor system. It keeps us upright and enables us to move in different directions. The spine consists of several segments: 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae and the sacral area, which includes the sacrum and coccyx.
The dual function of the spine
Each intervertebral disc consists of an elastic core surrounded by a fibrous ring. The posterior part of the spinal canal is formed by the vertebral arches, which end in an extension and between which a strong ligament is stretched. The spinal cord itself extends only to the first lumbar vertebra, below which nerve roots continue through the spinal canal, exiting bilaterally between vertebrae.
The spine has two crucial functions: It enables the body to move in all directions and absorbs the strain that certain movements put on the body. It also provides protection for the spinal cord and the emerging nerve roots, similar to the way the skull protects the brain. The optimal balance of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, muscles and ligaments enables us to move in all directions and helps us to cope with stress in everyday life and especially during physical activity.
The vertebral body
Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, a vertebral foramen and several projections. The front, almost square vertebral body bears the main load. On its back lies the vertebral arch, which forms a horseshoe-shaped vertebral foramen. All the vertebral foramen together form the spinal canal through which the spinal cord runs.
From the intervertebral disc to the herniated disc
The intervertebral discs act as natural shock absorbers. They are located between the individual vertebrae and contribute to the spine's mobility. Each intervertebral disc consists of a gelatinous core (nucleus pulposus) and a surrounding fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus).
The nucleus acts as a shock absorber and can change shape to compensate for the pressure exerted on the spine during movement. The fibrous ring holds the nucleus in place and prevents it from moving too far from its natural position.
A herniated disc occurs when the fibrous ring ruptures and part of the gelatinous nucleus leaks out. This can put pressure on the surrounding nerves and cause pain, numbness and weakness in the back and legs or the arms. A herniated disc can occur at any disc level, but the three lowest discs in the lower back are most commonly affected. This is where we find around 90% of herniated discs in the lumbar spine. They mostly occur between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae or between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum.
Frequently Asked Questions about
your spine
What does the spine actually do?
Your spine supports your body, helps you move, and protects the spinal cord — the main communication line between your brain and body. It keeps you upright, absorbs shocks, and allows flexibility in daily movements.
How many parts are there in the human spine?
The spine is made up of 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (mid-back), 5 lumbar (lower back) vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx at the base. Each section plays a different role in movement and stability.
What is an intervertebral disc?
An intervertebral disc is a cushion between the bones in your spine. It has a jelly-like core that absorbs shocks and a tough outer ring to keep it in place. Discs allow your spine to move smoothly.
Where do herniated discs usually occur?
Most herniated discs occur in the lower back, especially between the L4/L5 and L5/S1 vertebrae. These areas carry the most weight and are most prone to wear and tear.
Can a herniated disc heal without surgery?
Yes, many cases improve with rest, physiotherapy, and pain relief. However, if symptoms are severe or long-lasting, surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the nerves.
When should I see a specialist for back pain?
If your pain is severe, doesn’t improve after a few days, or causes numbness, weakness, or loss of bladder control — seek help immediately. An MRI may be needed to find the cause.